Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 49, Issue 2 , Pages 106-122 , September 2006

Mental Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: A Multidisciplinary Guide

References 

  1. Underwood A. For a happy heart: Depression, loneliness and anger all take a toll on your cardiac health. Newsweek magazine. Washngton, DC: The Washington Post Company; 2004;
  2. Underwood A. The good heart: Diet and exercise are not the whole secret to cardiovascular health-mounting evidence suggests that your psychological outlook is just as important. Newsweek magazine. 2005;
  3. Brydon L, Magid K, Steptoe A. Platelets, coronary heart disease, and stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20:113–119
  4. Krantz DS, McCeney MK. Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease: A critical assessment of research on coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:341–369
  5. Krantz DS, Sheps DS, Carney RM, et al. Effects of mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease: Evidence and clinical implications. JAMA. 2000;283:1800–1802
  6. Kubzansky LD, Davidson KW, Rozanski A. The clinical impact of negative psychological states: Expanding the spectrum of risk for coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(Suppl 1):S10–S14
  7. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, et al. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: The emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:637–651
  8. Strike PC, Steptoe A. Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;46:337–347
  9. Angell M. Disease as a reflection of the psyche. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1570–1572
  10. Hlatky MA, Lam LC, Lee KL, et al. Job strain and the prevalence and outcome of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1995;92:327–333
  11. O'Malley PG, Jones DL, Feuerstein IM, et al. Lack of correlation between psychological factors and subclinical coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1298–1304
  12. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Coronary artery disease, depression and social support only the beginning. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1043–1045
  13. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999;99:2192–2217
  14. Soufer R, Arrighi JA, Burg MM. Brain, behavior, mental stress, and the neurocardiac interaction. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:650–662
  15. National Heart L , Blood Institute . Behavioral research in cardiovascular, lung, and blood health and disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1998;
  16. Parrott AC. Cigarette smoking: Effects upon self-rated stress and arousal over the day. Addict Behav. 1993;18:389–395
  17. Pollard TM. Physiological consequences of everyday psychosocial stress. Coll Antropol. 1997;21:17–28
  18. Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ, Hausner E, et al. Effects of mental stress on flow-mediated brachial arterial dilation and influence of behavioral factors and hypercholesterolemia in subjects without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:687–691
  19. Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS. The role of immune system parameters in the relationship between depression and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(Suppl 1):S37–S41
  20. Owen N, Poulton T, Hay FC, et al. Socioeconomic status, C-reactive protein, immune factors, and responses to acute mental stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:286–295
  21. Steptoe A, Magid K, Edwards S, et al. The influence of psychological stress and socioeconomic status on platelet activation in men. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:57–63
  22. Strike PC, Magid K, Brydon L, et al. Exaggerated platelet and hemodynamic reactivity to mental stress in men with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:492–500
  23. Theorell T. On biochemical and physiological indicators of stress relevant to cardiovascular illness. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:705–708
  24. Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Krantz DS, et al. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1551–1556
  25. Kloner RA. The “Merry Christmas Coronary” and “Happy New Year Heart Attack” phenomenon. Circulation. 2004;110:3744–3745
  26. Kloner RA. Natural and unnatural triggers of myocardial infarction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;48:285–300
  27. Kloner RA, Leor J, Poole WK, et al. Population-based analysis of the effect of the Northridge Earthquake on cardiac death in Los Angeles County, California. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1174–1180
  28. Kloner RA, Poole WK, Perritt RL. When throughout the year is coronary death most likely to occur? A 12-year population-based analysis of more than 220000 cases. Circulation. 1999;100:1630–1634
  29. Lampert R, Jain D, Burg MM, et al. Destabilizing effects of mental stress on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation. 2000;101:158–164
  30. Leor J, Kloner RA. The Northridge earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:1230–1232
  31. Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:413–419
  32. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:953–962
  33. Rozanski A, Bairey CN, Krantz DS, et al. Mental stress and the induction of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1005–1012
  34. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, et al. Social stress and atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic monkeys. Science. 1983;220:733–735
  35. Schnall PL, Devereux RB, Pickering TG, et al. The relationship between ‘job strain,’ workplace diastolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass index: A correction. JAMA. 1992;267:1209
  36. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Bild DE, et al. Association of hostility with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. JAMA. 2000;283:2546–2551
  37. Gianaros PJ, Salomon K, Zhou F, et al. A greater reduction in high-frequency heart rate variability to a psychological stressor is associated with subclinical coronary and aortic calcification in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:553–560
  38. Matthews KA, Zhu S, Tucker DC, et al. Blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress and coronary calcification in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Hypertension. 2006;47:391–395
  39. Krantz DS, Kop WJ, Santiago HT, et al. Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Cardiol Clin. 1996;14:271–287
  40. Strike PC, Steptoe A. Behavioral and emotional triggers of acute coronary syndromes: A systematic review and critique. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:179–186
  41. Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU. measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998;
  42. Holmes TH, Rahe RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosom Res. 1967;11:213–218
  43. Lazarus R. Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1966;
  44. Selye H. The stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956;
  45. Kop WJ. Chronic and acute psychological risk factors for clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 1999;61:476–487
  46. Muller JE, Abela GS, Nesto RW, et al. Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: The lexicon of a new frontier. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:809–813
  47. Appels A, Mulder P. Fatigue and heart disease. The association between ‘vital exhaustion’ and past, present and future coronary heart disease. J Psychosom Res. 1989;33:727–738
  48. McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;840:33–44
  49. McEwen BS, Seeman T. Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:30–47
  50. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2093–2101
  51. Beck AT. Thinking and depression. I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1963;14:324–333
  52. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. Status, stress, and atherosclerosis: The role of environment and individual behavior. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:145–161
  53. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, et al. Social status, environment, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis. 1982;2:359–368
  54. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Adams MR, et al. Effects of stress and the sympathetic nervous system on coronary artery atherosclerosis in the cynomolgus macaque. Am Heart J. 1988;116:328–333
  55. Skantze HB, Kaplan J, Pettersson K, et al. Psychosocial stress causes endothelial injury in cynomolgus monkeys via beta1-adrenoceptor activation. Atherosclerosis. 1998;136:153–161
  56. McCabe PM, Sheridan JF, Weiss JM, et al. Animal models of disease. Physiol Behav. 2000;68:501–507
  57. Natelson BH, Tapp WN, Drastal S, et al. Hamsters with coronary vasospasm are at increased risk from stress. Psychosom Med. 1991;53:322–331
  58. Haynes SG, Eaker ED, Feinleib M. Spouse behavior and coronary heart disease in men: Prospective results from the Framingham heart study. I. Concordance of risk factors and the relationship of psychosocial status to coronary incidence. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;118:1–22
  59. Haynes SG, Feinleib M. Women, work and coronary heart disease: Prospective findings from the Framingham heart study. Am J Public Health. 1980;70:133–141
  60. Karasek RA, Theorell TG, Schwartz J, et al. Job, psychological factors and coronary heart disease. Swedish prospective findings and US prevalence findings using a new occupational inference method. Adv Cardiol. 1982;29:62–67
  61. Theorell T, Perski A, Orth-Gomer K, et al. The effects of the strain of returning to work on the risk of cardiac death after a first myocardial infarction before the age of 45. Int J Cardiol. 1991;30:61–67
  62. Theorell T, Tsutsumi A, Hallquist J, et al. Decision latitude, job strain, and myocardial infarction: A study of working men in Stockholm. The SHEEP Study Group. Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:382–388
  63. Orth-Gomer K, Wamala SP, Horsten M, et al. Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. JAMA. 2000;284:3008–3014
  64. Haan M, Kaplan GA, Camacho T. Poverty and health. Prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125:989–998
  65. Case RB, Moss AJ, Case N, et al. Living alone after myocardial infarction. Impact on prognosis. JAMA. 1992;267:515–519
  66. Williams RB, Barefoot JC, Califf RM, et al. Prognostic importance of social and economic resources among medically treated patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. JAMA. 1992;267:520–524
  67. Adler N, Marmot M, McEwen B, et al. Socioeconomic status and health in industrial nations: Social, psychological and biological pathways. New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 1999;
  68. Kop WJ, Berman DS, Gransar H, et al. Social network and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:343–352
  69. Verrier RL. Mechanisms of behaviorally induced arrhythmias. Circulation. 1987;76:I48–I56
  70. Verrier RL, Hagestad EL, Lown B. Delayed myocardial ischemia induced by anger. Circulation. 1987;75:249–254
  71. Kovach JA, Nearing BD, Verrier RL. Angerlike behavioral state potentiates myocardial ischemia-induced T-wave alternans in canines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1719–1725
  72. Meisel SR, Kutz I, Dayan KI, et al. Effect of Iraqi missile war on incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in Israeli civilians. Lancet. 1991;338:660–661
  73. Steinberg JS, Arshad A, Kowalski M, et al. Increased incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in implantable defibrillator patients after the World Trade Center attack. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1261–1264
  74. Shedd OL, Sears SF, Harvill JL, et al. The World Trade Center attack: Increased frequency of defibrillator shocks for ventricular arrhythmias in patients living remotely from New York City. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1265–1267
  75. Barry J, Selwyn AP, Nabel EG, et al. Frequency of ST-segment depression produced by mental stress in stable angina pectoris from coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61:989–993
  76. Gabbay FH, Krantz DS, Kop WJ, et al. Triggers of myocardial ischemia during daily life in patients with coronary artery disease: Physical and mental activities, anger and smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:585–592
  77. Gullette EC, Blumenthal JA, Babyak M, et al. Effects of mental stress on myocardial ischemia during daily life. JAMA. 1997;277:1521–1526
  78. Akinboboye O, Krantz DS, Kop WJ, et al. Comparison of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients with versus without left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:322–326
  79. Arrighi JA, Burg M, Cohen IS, et al. Myocardial blood-flow response during mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Lancet. 2000;356:310–311
  80. Goldberg AD, Becker LC, Bonsall R, et al. Ischemic, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experience from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study (PIMI). Circulation. 1996;94:2402–2409
  81. Gottdiener JS, Krantz DS, Howell RH, et al. Induction of silent myocardial ischemia with mental stress testing: Relation to the triggers of ischemia during daily life activities and to ischemic functional severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1645–1651
  82. Sheps DS, McMahon RP, Becker L, et al. Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: Results from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study. Circulation. 2002;105:1780–1784
  83. Lacy CR, Contrada RJ, Robbins ML, et al. Coronary vasoconstriction induced by mental stress (simulated public speaking). Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:503–505
  84. Kop WJ, Krantz DS, Howell RH, et al. Effects of mental stress on coronary epicardial vasomotion and flow velocity in coronary artery disease: Relationship with hemodynamic stress responses. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1359–1366
  85. Dakak N, Quyyumi AA, Eisenhofer G, et al. Sympathetically mediated effects of mental stress on the cardiac microcirculation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:125–130
  86. Muller JE, Tofler GH, Stone PH. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1989;79:733–743
  87. Kovach JA, Gottdiener JS, Verrier RL. Vagal modulation of epicardial coronary artery size in dogs. A two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 1995;92:2291–2298
  88. Kop WJ, Krantz DS, Nearing BD, et al. Effects of acute mental stress and exercise on T-wave alternans in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and controls. Circulation. 2004;109:1864–1869
  89. Lampert R, Shusterman V, Burg MM, et al. Effects of psychologic stress on repolarization and relationship to autonomic and hemodynamic factors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:372–377
  90. Lazarus R, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984;
  91. Ellis A. Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart; 1962;
  92. Meichenbaum D. Cognitive-behaviour modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum Press; 1977;
  93. Schnall PL, Landsbergis PA, Baker D. Job strain and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Public Health. 1994;15:381–411
  94. Steptoe A, Siegrist J, Kirschbaum C, et al. Effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, and measures of cortisol and blood pressure over the working day. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:323–329
  95. Strodl E, Kenardy J, Aroney C. Perceived stress as a predictor of the self-reported new diagnosis of symptomatic CHD in older women. Int J Behav Med. 2003;10:205–220
  96. Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, et al. Perceived mental stress and mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Sponsored by Monbusho (JACC Study). Circulation. 2002;106:1229–1236
  97. Cannon WB. Wisdom of the body. New York: W.W. Norton; 1932;
  98. Mason JW. A historical view of the stress field. J Hum Stress. 1975;1:6–12
  99. Levi L. Stress and distress in response to psychosocial stimuli. New York: Pergamon Press; 1972;
  100. Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1987;75:131–138
  101. Cordero DL, Cagin NA, Natelson BH. Neurocardiology update: Role of the nervous system in coronary vasomotion. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29:319–328
  102. Krantz DS, Manuck SB. Acute psychophysiologic reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease: A review and methodologic critique. Psychol Bull. 1984;96:435–464
  103. Manuck SB. Cardiovascular reactivity in cardiovascular disease: “Once more unto the breach”. Int J Behav Med. 1994;1:4–31
  104. Jennings JR, Kamarck TW, Everson-Rose SA, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are prospectively related to enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men. Circulation. 2004;110:2198–2203
  105. Kamarck TW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men: Findings from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Circulation. 1997;96:3842–3848
  106. Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, et al. Mortality and coronary heart disease among men studied for 23 years. Arch Intern Med. 1971;128:201–214
  107. Coresh J, Klag MJ, Mead LA, et al. Vascular reactivity in young adults and cardiovascular disease. A prospective study. Hypertension. 1992;19:II218–II223
  108. Blumenthal JA, Jiang W, Waugh RA, et al. Mental stress–induced ischemia in the laboratory and ambulatory ischemia during daily life. Association and hemodynamic features. Circulation. 1995;92:2102–2108
  109. Krantz DS, Helmers KF, Bairey CN, et al. Cardiovascular reactivity and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 1991;53:1–12
  110. Krantz DS, Santiago HT, Kop WJ, et al. Prognostic value of mental stress testing in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:1292–1297
  111. Manuck SB, Olsson G, Hjemdahl P, et al. Does cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress have prognostic value in postinfarction patients? A pilot study. Psychosom Med. 1992;54:102–108
  112. Jiang W, Babyak M, Krantz DS, et al. Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. JAMA. 1996;275:1651–1656
  113. Contrada RJ, Goyal TM. Individual differences, health, and illness. In:  Sutton S,  Baum A,  Johnston M editor. The Sage handbook of health psychology. London: Sage; 2004;
  114. Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Jenkins D, et al. Coronary heart disease in Western Collaborative Group Study. Final follow-up experience of 8 1/2 years. JAMA. 1975;233:872–877
  115. Miller TQ, Smith TW, Turner CW, et al. A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psychol Bull. 1996;119:322–348
  116. Barefoot JC. Keeping conflicting findings in perspective: The case of hostility and health. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:192–193
  117. Barefoot JC, Dodge KA, Peterson BL, et al. The Cook-Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom Med. 1989;51:46–57
  118. Barefoot JC, Peterson BL, Dahlstrom WG, et al. Hostility patterns and health implications: Correlates of Cook-Medley Hostility Scale scores in a national survey. Health Psychol. 1991;10:18–24
  119. Cook W, Medley D. Proposed hostility and pharasaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. J Appl Psychol. 1954;38:414–418
  120. Suls J, Bunde J. Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychol Bull. 2005;131:260–300
  121. Smith TW, Glazer K, Ruiz JM, et al. Hostility, anger, aggressiveness, and coronary heart disease: An interpersonal perspective on personality, emotion, and health. J Pers. 2004;72:1217–1270
  122. Contrada R, Krantz D. Stress, reactivity, and type A behavior: Current status and future directions. Ann Behav Med. 1988;10:64–70
  123. Contrada R, Leventhal H. The emotions: Structure and adaptive functions, in Fink G, Chrousos G, Craig I, et al. (Eds): Encyclopedia of Stress (ed 2). Oxford, England, Elsevier, in press.
  124. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Spiro A. A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study. Circulation. 1996;94:2090–2095
  125. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Circulation. 1995;92:1720–1725
  126. Boltwood MD, Taylor CB, Burke MB, et al. Anger report predicts coronary artery vasomotor response to mental stress in atherosclerotic segments. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:1361–1365
  127. Ironson G, Taylor CB, Boltwood M, et al. Effects of anger on left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:281–285
  128. Jain D, Shaker SM, Burg M, et al. Effects of mental stress on left ventricular and peripheral vascular performance in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1314–1322
  129. Stone AA, Shiffman S. Capturing momentary, self-report data: A proposal for reporting guidelines. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24:236–243
  130. Hedges S, Krantz D, Contrada R, et al. Development of a diary for use with ambulatory monitoring of mood, activity, and physiological function. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1990;12:203–217
  131. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services; 1971;
  132. Speilberger C. Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anger Scale. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida Human Resources Institute; 1980;
  133. Speilberger C, Jacobs G, Russell S, et al. Assessment of anger: The State-Trait Anger Scale. In:  Butcher J,  Speilberger C editor. Advances in Personality Assessment. vol. 2:Hillsdale, NJ: LEA; 1983;
  134. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck depression inventory—manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation; 1993;
  135. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401
  136. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;Text Revised (DSM-IV)
  137. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Hypochondriasis, neuroticism, and aging. When are somatic complaints unfounded?. Am Psychol. 1985;40:19–28
  138. Stone AA, Neale JM, Shiffman S. How mood relates to stress and coping: A daily perspective. Ann Behav Med. 1993;15:8–16
  139. Stanton JM, Balzer WK, Smith PC, et al. A general measure of work stress: The stress in general scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61:866–888
  140. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:285–396
  141. Cohen S, Williamson G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In:  Spacapan S,  Oskamp S editor. The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1988;
  142. Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual–II. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1992;
  143. Schlebuisch L. The development of a stress symptom checklist. South African J Psychol. 2004;34:327–346
  144. Contrada R, Glass D, Krakoff L, et al. Effects of control over aversive stimulation and type A behavior on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses. Psychophysiology. 1982;19:408–419
  145. Obrist PA, Light KC, James SA, et al. Cardiovascular responses to stress: I. Measures of myocardial response and relationship to high resting systolic pressure and parental hypertension. Psychophysiology. 1987;24:65–78
  146. Glass DC, Krakoff LR, Contrada R, et al. Effect of harassment and competition upon cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses in type A and type B individuals. Psychophysiology. 1980;17:453–463

PII: S0033-0620(06)00097-1

doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2006.08.013

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 49, Issue 2 , Pages 106-122 , September 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution