Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 52, Issue 4 , Pages 336-346 , January 2010

Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis

  • Simon W. Dubrey

      Affiliations

    • Hillingdon Hospital Uxbridge, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Rodney H. Falk

      Affiliations

    • Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Rodney H. Falk, MD, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, 133, Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215.

References 

  1. Akbar JJ, Meyer CA, Shipley RT, et al. Cardiopulmonary imaging in sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2008;29:429–443
  2. Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;15:1885–1889
  3. Lodha S, Sanchez M, Prystowsky S. Sarcoidosis of the skin: a review for the pulmonologist. Chest. 2009;136:583–596
  4. Brown ML, Reeder G, Unni KK, et al. Intraoperative diagnosis of isolated cardiac sarcoid. Heart Lung Circ. 2007;16:315–317
  5. Roberts WC, McAllister HA, Ferrans VJ. Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group 1) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group 2). Am J Med. 1977;63:86–108
  6. Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH. Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Circulation. 1978;58:1204–1211
  7. Tavora F, Cresswell N, Li L, et al. Comparison of necropsy findings in patients with sarcoidosis dying suddenly from cardiac sarcoidosis versus dying suddenly from other causes. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:571–577
  8. Rybicki BA, Major M, Popovich J, et al. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:234–241
  9. Barnard J, Rose C, Newman L, et al. Job and industry classifications associated with sarcoidosis in A Case-Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis (ACCESS). J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:226–234
  10. Newman LS, Rose CS, Bresnitz EA, et al. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1324–1330
  11. Izbicki G, Chavko R, Banauch GI, et al. World Trade Center “sarcoid-like” granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers. Chest. 2007;131:1414–1423
  12. Kucera GP, Rybicki BA, Kirkey KL, et al. Occupational risk factors for sarcoidosis in African-American siblings. Chest. 2003;123:1527–1535
  13. Rybicki BA, Maliarik MJ, Major M, et al. Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect. 1998;13:166–173
  14. Sverrild A, Backer V, Kyvik KO, et al. Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study. Thorax. 2008;63:894–896
  15. Butany J, Bahl NE, Morales K, et al. The intricacies of cardiac sarcoidosis: a case report involving the coronary arteries and a review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2006;15:222–227
  16. Dempsey OJ, Paterson EW, Kerr KM, et al. Sarcoidosis. BMJ. 2009;b3206:339
  17. Okura Y, Dec GW, Hare JM, et al. A clinical and histopathologic comparison of cardiac sarcoidosis and idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:322–329
  18. Sekiguchi M, Numao Y, Imai M, et al. Clinical and histopathological profile of sarcoidosis of the heart and acute idiopathic myocarditis. Concepts through a study employing endomyocardial biopsy. I. Sarcoidosis. Jpn Circ J. 1980;44:249–263
  19. Iwai K, Sekiguti M, Hosoda Y, et al. Racial difference in cardiac sarcoidosis incidence observed at autopsy. Sarcoidosis. 1994;11:26–31
  20. Fine RM. The mechanism of hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis. Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:22–23
  21. Gardner DG. Hypercalcemia and sarcoidosis—another piece of the puzzle falls into place. Am J Med. 2001;110:736–737
  22. Ainslie GM, Benatar SR. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis: sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis: correlations with disease activity, duration, extra-thoracic involvement, radiographic type and therapy. Q J Med. 1985;55:253–270
  23. Biller H, Zissel G, Ruprecht B, et al. Genotype-corrected reference values for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:1085–1090
  24. Soejima K, Yada H. The work-up and management of patients with apparent or subclinical cardiac sarcoidosis: with emphasis on the associated heart rhythm abnormalities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:578–583
  25. Ardehali H, Howard DL, Hariri A, et al. A positive endomyocardial biopsy result for sarcoid is associated with poor prognosis in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 2005;150:459–463
  26. Koplan BA, Soejima K, Baughman K, et al. Refractory ventricular tachycardia secondary to cardiac sarcoid: electrophysiologic characteristics, mapping, and ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:924–929
  27. Uemura A, Morimoto S, Kato Y, et al. Relationship between basal thinning of the interventricular septum and atrioventricular block in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2005;22:63–65
  28. Matsumori A, Hara M, Nagai S, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a manifestation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Jpn Circ J. 2000;64:679–683
  29. Yazaki Y, Isobe M, Hayasaka M, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical utility of radionuclide imaging for differential diagnosis. Jpn Circ J. 1998;62:465–468
  30. Smedema JP. Tissue Doppler imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9:579–580
  31. Okayama K, Kurata C, Tawarahara K, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of myocardial scintigraphy with thallium-201 and gallium-67 in cardiac sarcoidosis. Chest. 1995;107:330–334
  32. Tawarahara K, Kurata C, Okayama K, et al. Thallium-201 and gallium 67 single photon emission computed tomographic imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis. Am Heart J. 1992;124:1383–1384
  33. Hirose Y, Ishida Y, Hayashida K, et al. Myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis. An analysis of 75 patients. Clin Nucl Med. 1994;19:522–526
  34. Nakazawa A, Ikeda K, Ito Y, et al. Usefulness of dual 67Ga and 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon-emission CT scanning in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. Chest. 2004;126:1372–1376
  35. Tadamura E, Yamamuro M, Kubo S, et al. Effectiveness of delayed enhanced MRI for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with radionuclide imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:110–115
  36. Radulescu B, Imperiale A, Germain P, et al. Severe ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis: insights from MRI and PET imaging and importance of early corticosteroid therapy. Eur Heart J. 2009;(in press)
  37. Doughan AR, Williams BR. Cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart. 2006;92:282–288
  38. Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1683–1690
  39. Smedema JP, Truter R, de Klerk PA, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis evaluated with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance and contrast-enhanced 64-slice computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2006;112:261–263
  40. Mehta D, Lubitz SA, Frankel Z, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: diagnostic and prognostic value of outpatient testing. Chest. 2008;133:1426–1435
  41. Braun JJ, Kessler R, Constantinesco A, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT in sarcoidosis management: review and report of 20 cases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:1537–1543
  42. Ohira H, Tsujino I, Ishimaru S, et al. Myocardial imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:933–941
  43. Sugisaki K, Yamaguchi T, Nagai S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 195 Japanese sarcoidosis patients treated with oral corticosteroids. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2003;20:222–226
  44. Vasaiwala SC, Finn C, Delpriore J, et al. Prospective study of cardiac sarcoid mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:473–476
  45. Kim JS, Judson MA, Donnino R, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis. Am Heart J. 2009;157:9–21
  46. Paramothayan NS, Jones PW. Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001114
  47. Chiu CZ, Nakatani S, Zhang G, et al. Prevention of left ventricular remodeling by long-term corticosteroid therapy in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:143–146
  48. Chapelon-Abric C, de Zuttere D, Duhaut P, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: a retrospective study of 41 cases. Medicine. 2004;83:315–334
  49. Yazaki Y, Isobe M, Hiroe M, et al. Prognostic determinants of long-term survival in Japanese patients with cardiac sarcoidosis treated with prednisone. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1006–1010
  50. Keijsers RG, Verzijlbergen JF, van Diepen DM, et al. 18F-FDG PET in sarcoidosis: an observational study in 12 patients treated with infliximab. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2008;25:143–149
  51. Barnabe C, McMeekin J, Howarth A, et al. Successful treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis with infliximab. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1686–1687
  52. Judson MA, Baughman RP, Costabel U, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: results from a randomised trial. Eur Respir J. 2008;31:1189–1196
  53. Uthman I, Touma Z, Khoury M. Cardiac sarcoidosis responding to monotherapy with infliximab. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:2001–2003
  54. Arnaud L, Sene D, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al. Disseminated cryptococcal infection and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment for refractory sarcoidosis: an expected association?. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:462–463
  55. Zaidi AR, Zaidi A, Vaitkus PT. Outcome of heart transplantation in patients with sarcoid cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:714–717
  56. Milman N, Andersen CB, Mortensen SA, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis and heart transplantation: a report of four consecutive patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2008;25:51–59
  57. Yager JE, Hernandez AF, Steenbergen C, et al. Recurrence of cardiac sarcoidosis in a heart transplant recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1988–1990

 Statement of Conflict of Interest: see page 345.

PII: S0033-0620(09)00100-5

doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.11.010

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 52, Issue 4 , Pages 336-346 , January 2010